External Memory Interface Handbook Volume 3: Reference Material: For UniPHY-based Device Families

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ID 683841
Date 3/06/2023
Public
Document Table of Contents
Document Table of Contents x
1. Functional Description—UniPHY 2. Functional Description— Intel® MAX® 10 EMIF IP 3. Functional Description—Hard Memory Interface 4. Functional Description—HPS Memory Controller 5. Functional Description—HPC II Controller 6. Functional Description—QDR II Controller 7. Functional Description—RLDRAM II Controller 8. Functional Description—RLDRAM 3 PHY-Only IP 9. Functional Description—Example Designs 10. Introduction to UniPHY IP 11. Latency for UniPHY IP 12. Timing Diagrams for UniPHY IP 13. External Memory Interface Debug Toolkit 14. Upgrading to UniPHY-based Controllers from ALTMEMPHY-based Controllers
1. Functional Description—UniPHY x
1.1. I/O Pads 1.2. Reset and Clock Generation 1.3. Dedicated Clock Networks 1.4. Address and Command Datapath 1.5. Write Datapath 1.6. Read Datapath 1.7. Sequencer 1.8. Shadow Registers 1.9. UniPHY Interfaces 1.10. UniPHY Signals 1.11. PHY-to-Controller Interfaces 1.12. Using a Custom Controller 1.13. AFI 3.0 Specification 1.14. Register Maps 1.15. Ping Pong PHY 1.16. Efficiency Monitor and Protocol Checker 1.17. UniPHY Calibration Stages 1.18. Document Revision History
1.5. Write Datapath x
1.5.1. Leveling Circuitry
1.7. Sequencer x
1.7.1. Nios® II-Based Sequencer 1.7.2. RTL-based Sequencer
1.7.1. Nios® II-Based Sequencer x
1.7.1.1. Nios® II-based Sequencer Function 1.7.1.2. Nios® II-based Sequencer Architecture 1.7.1.3. Nios® II-based Sequencer SCC Manager 1.7.1.4. Nios® II-based Sequencer RW Manager 1.7.1.5. Nios® II-based Sequencer PHY Manager 1.7.1.6. Nios® II-based Sequencer Data Manager 1.7.1.7. Nios® II-based Sequencer Tracking Manager 1.7.1.8. Nios® II-based Sequencer Processor 1.7.1.9. Nios® II-based Sequencer Calibration and Diagnostics
1.8. Shadow Registers x
1.8.1. Shadow Registers Operation
1.9. UniPHY Interfaces x
1.9.1. The DLL and PLL Sharing Interface 1.9.2. The OCT Sharing Interface
1.9.1. The DLL and PLL Sharing Interface x
1.9.1.1. Sharing PLLs or DLLs 1.9.1.2. About PLL Simulation
1.9.2. The OCT Sharing Interface x
1.9.2.1. Modifying the Pin Assignment Script for QDR II and RLDRAM II
1.13. AFI 3.0 Specification x
1.13.1. Bus Width and AFI Ratio 1.13.2. AFI Parameters 1.13.3. AFI Signals
1.13.3. AFI Signals x
1.13.3.1. AFI Clock and Reset Signals 1.13.3.2. AFI Address and Command Signals 1.13.3.3. AFI Write Data Signals 1.13.3.4. AFI Read Data Signals 1.13.3.5. AFI Calibration Status Signals 1.13.3.6. AFI Tracking Management Signals
1.14. Register Maps x
1.14.1. UniPHY Register Map 1.14.2. Controller Register Map
1.15. Ping Pong PHY x
1.15.1. Ping Pong PHY Feature Description 1.15.2. Ping Pong PHY Architecture 1.15.3. Ping Pong PHY Operation
1.15.2. Ping Pong PHY Architecture x
1.15.2.1. Ping Pong Gasket 1.15.2.2. Ping Pong PHY Calibration
1.16. Efficiency Monitor and Protocol Checker x
1.16.1. Efficiency Monitor 1.16.2. Protocol Checker 1.16.3. Read Latency Counter 1.16.4. Using the Efficiency Monitor and Protocol Checker 1.16.5. Avalon® CSR Slave and JTAG Memory Map
1.17. UniPHY Calibration Stages x
1.17.1. Calibration Overview 1.17.2. Calibration Stages 1.17.3. Memory Initialization 1.17.4. Stage 1: Read Calibration Part One—DQS Enable Calibration and DQ/DQS Centering 1.17.5. Stage 2: Write Calibration Part One 1.17.6. Stage 3: Write Calibration Part Two—DQ/DQS Centering 1.17.7. Stage 4: Read Calibration Part Two—Read Latency Minimization 1.17.8. Calibration Signals 1.17.9. Calibration Time
1.17.4. Stage 1: Read Calibration Part One—DQS Enable Calibration and DQ/DQS Centering x
1.17.4.1. Guaranteed Write 1.17.4.2. DQS Enable Calibration 1.17.4.3. Centering DQ/DQS
2. Functional Description— Intel® MAX® 10 EMIF IP x
2.1. Intel® MAX® 10 EMIF Overview 2.2. External Memory Protocol Support 2.3. Intel® MAX® 10 Memory Controller 2.4. Intel® MAX® 10 Low Power Feature 2.5. Intel® MAX® 10 Memory PHY 2.6. Calibration 2.7. Sequencer Debug Information 2.8. Register Maps 2.9. Document Revision History
2.5. Intel® MAX® 10 Memory PHY x
2.5.1. Supported Topologies 2.5.2. Read Datapath 2.5.3. Write Datapath 2.5.4. Address and Command Datapath 2.5.5. Sequencer RW Manager PHY Manager PLL Manager
2.6. Calibration x
2.6.1. Read Calibration 2.6.2. Write Calibration
3. Functional Description—Hard Memory Interface x
3.1. Multi-Port Front End (MPFE) 3.2. Multi-port Scheduling 3.3. MPFE Signal Descriptions 3.4. Hard Memory Controller 3.5. Hard PHY 3.6. Document Revision History
3.2. Multi-port Scheduling x
3.2.1. Port Scheduling 3.2.2. DRAM Burst Scheduling 3.2.3. DRAM Power Saving Modes
3.4. Hard Memory Controller x
3.4.1. Clocking 3.4.2. Reset 3.4.3. DRAM Interface 3.4.4. ECC 3.4.5. Bonding of Memory Controllers
3.5. Hard PHY x
3.5.1. Interconnections 3.5.2. Clock Domains 3.5.3. Hard Sequencer 3.5.4. MPFE Setup Guidelines 3.5.5. Soft Memory Interface to Hard Memory Interface Migration Guidelines 3.5.6. Bonding Interface Guidelines
4. Functional Description—HPS Memory Controller x
4.1. Features of the SDRAM Controller Subsystem 4.2. SDRAM Controller Subsystem Block Diagram 4.3. SDRAM Controller Memory Options 4.4. SDRAM Controller Subsystem Interfaces 4.5. Memory Controller Architecture 4.6. Functional Description of the SDRAM Controller Subsystem 4.7. SDRAM Power Management 4.8. DDR PHY 4.9. Clocks 4.10. Resets 4.11. Port Mappings 4.12. Initialization 4.13. SDRAM Controller Subsystem Programming Model 4.14. Debugging HPS SDRAM in the Preloader 4.15. SDRAM Controller Address Map and Register Definitions 4.16. Document Revision History
4.4. SDRAM Controller Subsystem Interfaces x
4.4.1. MPU Subsystem Interface 4.4.2. L3 Interconnect Interface 4.4.3. CSR Interface 4.4.4. FPGA-to-HPS SDRAM Interface
4.5. Memory Controller Architecture x
4.5.1. Multi-Port Front End 4.5.2. Single-Port Controller
4.5.2. Single-Port Controller x
4.5.2.1. Command Generator 4.5.2.2. Timer Bank Pool 4.5.2.3. Arbiter 4.5.2.4. Rank Timer 4.5.2.5. Write Data Buffer 4.5.2.6. ECC Block 4.5.2.7. AFI Interface 4.5.2.8. CSR Interface
4.6. Functional Description of the SDRAM Controller Subsystem x
4.6.1. MPFE Operation Ordering 4.6.2. MPFE Multi-Port Arbitration 4.6.3. MPFE SDRAM Burst Scheduling 4.6.4. Single-Port Controller Operation
4.6.4. Single-Port Controller Operation x
4.6.4.1. Command and Data Reordering 4.6.4.2. Bank Policy 4.6.4.3. Write Combining 4.6.4.4. Burst Length Support 4.6.4.5. ECC 4.6.4.6. Interleaving Options 4.6.4.7. AXI-Exclusive Support 4.6.4.8. Memory Protection 4.6.4.9. Example of Configuration for TrustZone
4.6.4.5. ECC x
4.6.4.5.1. Byte Writes 4.6.4.5.2. ECC Write Backs 4.6.4.5.3. User Notification of ECC Errors
4.10. Resets x
4.10.1. Taking the SDRAM Controller Subsystem Out of Reset
4.12. Initialization x
4.12.1. FPGA-to-SDRAM Protocol Details
4.12.1. FPGA-to-SDRAM Protocol Details x
4.12.1.1. Avalon-MM Bidirectional Port 4.12.1.2. Avalon-MM Write-Only Port 4.12.1.3. Avalon-MM Read Port 4.12.1.4. AXI Port
4.13. SDRAM Controller Subsystem Programming Model x
4.13.1. HPS Memory Interface Architecture 4.13.2. HPS Memory Interface Configuration 4.13.3. HPS Memory Interface Simulation 4.13.4. Generating a Preloader Image for HPS with EMIF
4.13.4. Generating a Preloader Image for HPS with EMIF x
4.13.4.1. Creating a Project in Platform Designer (Standard) 4.13.4.2. Creating a Top-Level File and Adding Constraints
4.14. Debugging HPS SDRAM in the Preloader x
4.14.1. Enabling UART or Semihosting Printout 4.14.2. Enabling Simple Memory Test 4.14.3. Enabling the Debug Report 4.14.4. Writing a Predefined Data Pattern to SDRAM in the Preloader
4.14.3. Enabling the Debug Report x
4.14.3.1. Analysis of Debug Report
5. Functional Description—HPC II Controller x
5.1. HPC II Memory Interface Architecture 5.2. HPC II Memory Controller Architecture 5.3. HPC II Controller Features 5.4. External Interfaces 5.5. Top-Level Signals Description 5.6. Sequence of Operations 5.7. Document Revision History
5.2. HPC II Memory Controller Architecture x
5.2.1. Backpressure Support 5.2.2. Command Generator 5.2.3. Timing Bank Pool 5.2.4. Arbiter 5.2.5. Rank Timer 5.2.6. Read Data Buffer and Write Data Buffer 5.2.7. ECC Block 5.2.8. AFI and CSR Interfaces
5.3. HPC II Controller Features x
5.3.1. Data Reordering 5.3.2. Pre-emptive Bank Management 5.3.3. Quasi-1T and Quasi-2T 5.3.4. User Autoprecharge Commands 5.3.5. Address and Command Decoding Logic 5.3.6. Low-Power Logic 5.3.7. ODT Generation Logic 5.3.8. Burst Merging 5.3.9. ECC
5.3.9. ECC x
5.3.9.1. Partial Writes 5.3.9.2. Partial Bursts
5.4. External Interfaces x
5.4.1. Clock and Reset Interface 5.4.2. Avalon® -ST Data Slave Interface 5.4.3. AXI Data Slave Interface 5.4.4. Controller-PHY Interface 5.4.5. Memory Side-Band Signals 5.4.6. Controller External Interfaces
5.4.3. AXI Data Slave Interface x
5.4.3.1. Enabling the AXI Interface 5.4.3.2. AXI Interface Parameters 5.4.3.3. AXI Interface Ports
5.5. Top-Level Signals Description x
5.5.1. Clock and Reset Signals 5.5.2. Local Interface Signals 5.5.3. Controller Interface Signals 5.5.4. CSR Interface Signals 5.5.5. Soft Controller Register Map 5.5.6. Hard Controller Register Map
6. Functional Description—QDR II Controller x
6.1. Block Description 6.2. Avalon® -MM and Memory Data Width 6.3. Signal Descriptions 6.4. Document Revision History
6.1. Block Description x
6.1.1. Avalon® -MM Slave Read and Write Interfaces 6.1.2. Command Issuing FSM 6.1.3. AFI
7. Functional Description—RLDRAM II Controller x
7.1. Block Description 7.2. User-Controlled Features 7.3. Avalon® -MM and Memory Data Width 7.4. Signal Descriptions 7.5. Document Revision History
7.1. Block Description x
7.1.1. Avalon® -MM Slave Interface 7.1.2. Write Data FIFO Buffer 7.1.3. Command Issuing FSM 7.1.4. Refresh Timer 7.1.5. Timer Module 7.1.6. AFI
7.2. User-Controlled Features x
7.2.1. Error Detection Parity 7.2.2. User-Controlled Refresh
8. Functional Description—RLDRAM 3 PHY-Only IP x
8.1. Block Description 8.2. Features 8.3. RLDRAM 3 AFI Protocol 8.4. Document Revision History
9. Functional Description—Example Designs x
9.1. UniPHY-Based Example Designs 9.2. Document Revision History
9.1. UniPHY-Based Example Designs x
9.1.1. Synthesis Example Design 9.1.2. Simulation Example Design 9.1.3. Traffic Generator and BIST Engine 9.1.4. Creating and Connecting the UniPHY Memory Interface and the Traffic Generator in Platform Designer
9.1.3. Traffic Generator and BIST Engine x
9.1.3.1. Read and Write Generation 9.1.3.2. Address and Burst Length Generation 9.1.3.3. Traffic Generator Signals 9.1.3.4. Traffic Generator Add-Ons 9.1.3.5. Traffic Generator Timeout Counter
9.1.4. Creating and Connecting the UniPHY Memory Interface and the Traffic Generator in Platform Designer x
9.1.4.1. Notes on Configuring UniPHY IP in Platform Designer
10. Introduction to UniPHY IP x
10.1. Release Information 10.2. Device Support Levels 10.3. Device Family and Protocol Support 10.4. UniPHY-Based External Memory Interface Features 10.5. System Requirements 10.6. Intel® FPGA IP Core Verification 10.7. Resource Utilization 10.8. Document Revision History
10.7. Resource Utilization x
10.7.1. DDR2, DDR3, and LPDDR2 Resource Utilization in Arria V Devices 10.7.2. DDR2 and DDR3 Resource Utilization in Arria II GZ Devices 10.7.3. DDR2 and DDR3 Resource Utilization in Stratix III Devices 10.7.4. DDR2 and DDR3 Resource Utilization in Stratix IV Devices 10.7.5. DDR2 and DDR3 Resource Utilization in Arria V GZ and Stratix V Devices 10.7.6. QDR II and QDR II+ Resource Utilization in Arria V Devices 10.7.7. QDR II and QDR II+ Resource Utilization in Arria II GX Devices 10.7.8. QDR II and QDR II+ Resource Utilization in Arria II GZ, Arria V GZ, Stratix III, Stratix IV, and Stratix V Devices 10.7.9. RLDRAM II Resource Utilization in Arria® V Devices 10.7.10. RLDRAM II Resource Utilization in Arria®  II GZ, Arria® V GZ, Stratix®  III, Stratix®  IV, and Stratix® V Devices
11. Latency for UniPHY IP x
11.1. DDR2 SDRAM LATENCY 11.2. DDR3 SDRAM LATENCY 11.3. LPDDR2 SDRAM LATENCY 11.4. QDR II and QDR II+ SRAM Latency 11.5. RLDRAM II Latency 11.6. RLDRAM 3 Latency 11.7. Variable Controller Latency 11.8. Document Revision History
12. Timing Diagrams for UniPHY IP x
12.1. DDR2 Timing Diagrams 12.2. DDR3 Timing Diagrams 12.3. QDR II and QDR II+ Timing Diagrams 12.4. RLDRAM II Timing Diagrams 12.5. LPDDR2 Timing Diagrams 12.6. RLDRAM 3 Timing Diagrams 12.7. Document Revision History
13. External Memory Interface Debug Toolkit x
13.1. User Interface 13.2. Setup and Use 13.3. Operational Considerations 13.4. Troubleshooting 13.5. Debug Report for Arria V and Cyclone V SoC Devices 13.6. On-Chip Debug Port for UniPHY-based EMIF IP 13.7. Example Tcl Script for Running the Legacy EMIF Debug Toolkit 13.8. Document Revision History
13.1. User Interface x
13.1.1. Communication 13.1.2. Calibration and Report Generation
13.2. Setup and Use x
13.2.1. General Workflow 13.2.2. Linking the Project to a Device 13.2.3. Establishing Communication to Connections 13.2.4. Selecting an Active Interface 13.2.5. Reports
13.5. Debug Report for Arria V and Cyclone V SoC Devices x
13.5.1. Enabling the Debug Report for Arria V and Cyclone V SoC Devices 13.5.2. Determining the Failing Calibration Stage for a Cyclone V or Arria V HPS SDRAM Controller
13.6. On-Chip Debug Port for UniPHY-based EMIF IP x
13.6.1. Access Protocol 13.6.2. Command Codes Reference 13.6.3. Header Files 13.6.4. Generating IP With the Debug Port 13.6.5. Example C Code for Accessing Debug Data
14. Upgrading to UniPHY-based Controllers from ALTMEMPHY-based Controllers x
14.1. Generating Equivalent Design 14.2. Replacing the ALTMEMPHY Datapath with UniPHY Datapath 14.3. Resolving Port Name Differences 14.4. Creating OCT Signals 14.5. Running Pin Assignments Script 14.6. Removing Obsolete Files 14.7. Simulating your Design 14.8. Document Revision History
1. Functional Description—UniPHY
2. Functional Description— Intel® MAX® 10 EMIF IP
3. Functional Description—Hard Memory Interface
4. Functional Description—HPS Memory Controller
5. Functional Description—HPC II Controller
6. Functional Description—QDR II Controller
7. Functional Description—RLDRAM II Controller
8. Functional Description—RLDRAM 3 PHY-Only IP
9. Functional Description—Example Designs
10. Introduction to UniPHY IP
11. Latency for UniPHY IP
12. Timing Diagrams for UniPHY IP
13. External Memory Interface Debug Toolkit
14. Upgrading to UniPHY-based Controllers from ALTMEMPHY-based Controllers

2.5.5. Sequencer

The sequencer employs an RTL-based state machine which assumes control of the interface at reset (whether at initial startup or when the IP is reset) and maintains control throughout the calibration process. The sequencer relinquishes control to the memory controller only after successful calibration.

The sequencer consists of a calibration state machine, together with a read-write (RW) manager, PHY Manager, and PLL Manager.

Figure 36. Sequencer Architecture


Figure 37. Calibration State Machine Stages


RW Manager

The read-write (RW) manager encapsulates the protocol to read and write to the memory device through the Altera PHY Interface (AFI). It provides a buffer that stores the data to be sent to and read from memory, and provides the following commands:

  • Write configuration—configures the memory for use. Sets up burst lengths, read and write latencies, and other device specific parameters.

  • Refresh—initiates a refresh operation at the DRAM. The sequencer also provides a register that determines whether the RW manager automatically generates refresh signals.

  • Enable or disable multi-purpose register (MPR)—for memory devices with a special register that contains calibration specific patterns that you can read, this command enables or disables access to the register.

  • Activate row—for memory devices that have both rows and columns, this command activates a specific row. Subsequent reads and writes operate on this specific row.

  • Precharge—closes a row before you can access a new row.
  • Write or read burst—writes or reads a burst length of data.

  • Write guaranteed—writes with a special mode where the memory holds address and data lines constant. Intel guarantees this type of write to work in the presence of skew, but constrains to write the same data across the entire burst length.

  • Write and read back-to-back—performs back-to-back writes or reads to adjacent banks. Most memory devices have strict timing constraints on subsequent accesses to the same bank, thus back-to-back writes and reads have to reference different banks.

  • Protocol-specific initialization—a protocol-specific command required by the initialization sequence.

PHY Manager

The PHY Manager provides access to the PHY for calibration, and passes relevant calibration results to the PHY. For example, the PHYManager sets the VFIFO and LFIFO buffer parameters resulting from calibration, signals the PHY when the memory initialization sequence finishes, and reports the pass/fail status of calibration.

PLL Manager

The PLL Manager controls the phase of capture clocks during calibration. The output phases of individual PLL outputs can be dynamically adjusted relative to each other and to the reference clock without having to load the scan chain of the PLL. The phase is shifted by 1/8th of the period of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) at a time. The output clocks are active during this dynamic phase-shift process.

A PLL counter increments with every phase increase and decrements with every phase reduction. The PLL Manager records the amount by which the PLL counter has shifted since the last reset, enabling the sequencer and tracking manager to determine whether the phase boundary has been reached.

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